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by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 17:18

Graphene battery. A breakthrough in the creation of energy storage devices #Technology Nikolai Makarenko January 18, 2020, 06:02 68869 9 Currently, potential electric car buyers are often frightened by the prospect of a fairly small car mileage on a single charge and too long process of the battery charge. In the near future can be very varied and we expect some very interesting devices that can be recharged in a few minutes, as well as electronic components graphene and other nanomaterials. Graphene batteries will have a huge impact on all spheres of everyday life. For example, the specific capacity of the lithium-ion battery currently used is 200 watts/h per 1 kg of body weight. Graphene battery of the same weight, has a specific capacity of 1000 W/h. it is Obvious that graphene battery mounted, for example, in the Tesla Model S is able to increase the mileage of the electric vehicle from 334 km 1013 km on one charge. In addition, these batteries can be recharged in less than 10 minutes. Of course, to achieve this speed charge need a powerful charging station, but that's not such a big problem. Graphene battery of the same weight as lithium-ion (200 watts/h per 1 kg of body weight) has a specific capacity of 1000 W/h. Such a battery is mounted, for example, in the Tesla Model S is able to increase the mileage of the electric vehicle from 334 km 1013 km on one charge In December 2018, the Indian company Log 9 Materials announced that it is working on metal air-to-air batteries based on graphene, which in theory could even lead to the emergence of electric vehicles that run on water. Metal air batteries use metal as the anode, air (oxygen) as cathode and water as electrolyte. Air cathode battery using a rod of graphene. Because oxygen must be used as the cathode, the cathode material should be porous, to allow air to pass through, a property that graphene is superior to the other. According to the Log 9 Materials, graphene used in the electrode is able to increase the efficiency of the battery five times at a cost of one third. New developments of graphene batteries Many developers believe that future batteries will have a very different shape, structure and chemical composition compared to lithium-ion, which in the last decade, supplanted the other technologies in many markets. They believe that the future for graphene batteries. Relatively recently Graphenano, the company from Spain, demonstrated a prototype of a graphene-polymer battery with a unique ability – the required time of charging 3 times less than ordinary lithium-ion batteries. Of course the success of this company has spurred tremendous interest from different manufacturers, who began immediately to look forward to all the benefits of the use of such batteries. The era of graphene batteries can radically change the entire global automotive industry. The company has developed Graphenano battery Grabat, which can provide a reserve of electric to 800 km, and a Capacity of 2.3-volt Grabat huge: about 1000 W⋅h/kg. For comparison, the best examples of the lithium-ion batteries — at 180 W⋅h/kg. the Developers claim that the battery is charged in just a few minutes — the speed of charging/discharging to 33 times higher than lithium-ion. Quick discharge is particularly important for high acceleration dynamics of electric vehicles. Graphene batteries are less bulky than their lithium-ion counterparts: the mass of the graphene battery is twice less than the mass of lithium-ion. And that is not unimportant, these batteries can't explode. At the end of 2015 Graphenano opened a plant area of over 7000 square meters for the production of graphene-polymer batteries in the Spanish town of Yecla, through the combined efforts of a group of chemists from the National University of Cordoba and Grabat Energy company. It was created by special equipment to ensure 20 Assembly lines to 80 million cells. These batteries will not produce gas and are not flammable, say in Graphenano, even short they won't be scared. The polymer has been certified in cooperation with the institutes of Dekor (Spain) and TUV (Germany). Graphene is a layer of atoms of carbon one atom thick arranged in a honeycomb lattice (as hexagons). This building block of carbon, but graphene itself is a remarkable substance with many surprising properties, which give it the title "wonder material". Graphene - a layer of carbon atoms one atom thick arranged in a honeycomb lattice. How to improve the performance of existing batteries In the field of conventional battery materials for battery electrodes (perspective) improved significantly when adding graphene. Graphene battery can be light, durable and suitable for energy storage of high capacity, as well as to reduce the charging time. It will prolong the battery life, which is associated with the amount of carbon deposited on the material or attached to the electrodes to achieve conduction, and graphene adds conductivity without requiring the amount of carbon that is used in conventional batteries. Graphene can improve such properties of the battery, the energy density and shape in a variety of ways. So lithium-ion batteries (and other battery types) can be improved by the introduction of graphene into the anode of the battery and use the conductivity of the material and the characteristics of large surface area to achieve morphological optimization and performance. It was also discovered that the creation of hybrid materials can also be useful to improve the quality of the battery. For example, hybrid catalysis of vanadium oxide (VO2) and graphene may be used in lithium-ion cathodes and provides fast charging and discharging, and also greater resistance of the charging cycle. In this case, VO2 has a high capacity, but poor electrical conductivity, which can be solved by using graphene as a kind of structural "fundamentals" on which you can attach VO2 - creating a hybrid material that has both high capacity and excellent conductivity. Researchers are looking for new types of active electrode material to bring the battery to a new level of high performance and durability and to make them more suitable for larger devices. Nanostructured materials lithium ion batteries can provide a good solution. According to the latest researchers from the University of Vienna and international scientists have developed a new nanostructured anode material for lithium ion batteries, which increases the capacity and life of batteries. 2D/3D nanocomposite-based mixed-metal oxide and graphene, developed by two scientists and their teams, as stated, seriously improves the electrochemical characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Based on the mesoporous mixed metal oxide in combination with graphene, this material can provide a new approach to more efficient use of batteries in large devices such as electric or hybrid vehicles. New electrode material provided a significantly improved specific capacity with an unprecedented reversible cyclic stability during reversible 3000 cycles of charge and discharge even at very high current up to 1280 mA. For comparison, modern lithium-ion batteries lose their effectiveness after about 1,000 charge cycles. The device is a graphene battery. Split crystal seeks again to become three-dimensional. Scientists managed to curb a two-dimensional structure and make it work in the form of a galvanic cell. Stability depends on the chosen pairs. The device resembles the battery is Li-ion, but instead of the graphite layer embedded graphene. Russian researchers replaced the anode is magnesium oxide. Composition cheaper, smaller heats the battery and decreases the risk of fire. Financial problems of implementation of scientific achievements Trouble making new batteries in the fact that now research in the field of batteries is engaged in too many companies. Projects a huge amount from the foam and liquid batteries to batteries, exotic compounds in the composition of the electrolyte. And there is no clear leader among all these companies there. Enthusiasm, this situation does not cause and among investors, who are not too eager to allocate money for new projects. And money requires a lot. "In order to create a small industrial line for the production of batteries that are created by new technologies, it takes about $500 million And even if a promising battery was created to translate scientific work in the field of Commerce is not easy. Mobile users or producers of electric vehicles will test the new battery before you make a decision. Investments during that time will pay off, and the developer will be unprofitable. Scientists say that to establish industrial line worth $500 million. difficult, especially if the budget for the year is $5 million. And even in the case when a new technology hits the market, a battery manufacturer of the new type will have to go through a difficult period of adjustment and finding buyers. But yet to this point no one has reached. So, the company Leyden Energy and A123 Systems have developed a new, promising technology, and has not entered the market. They just do not have enough money for it. Two promising energy startup, Sakti3 and Seeo, has been bought by other companies. Moreover, the amounts of these two transactions was much lower than what expected to be the first investors. Largest electronics manufacturers, Samsung, LG and Panasonic are more interested in improving their current products to more of their functions than in getting the batteries of the new type. So continues the process of optimizing Li-Ion batteries, established in the 70-ies of the last century. It is hoped that graphene batteries will be able to break the vicious circle. Graphene has provided a significantly improved specific capacity with an unprecedented reversible cyclic stability during reversible 3000 cycles of charge and discharge even at very high current up to 1280 mA. What's next? Today on graphene research highlighted several billion dollars, and scientists, this material can replace silicon in the semiconductor industry. Graphene will undoubtedly change the world of technology, including the creation of new batteries in the coming years, not least because it is inexpensive to manufacture, and is very common in nature. Each country has it in abundance. Batteries based on graphene are rapidly becoming comparable performance with a traditional solid-state batteries. They are all the time moving, and soon they will surpass their solid-state predecessors. Additional benefits associated with the presence of graphene in the electrodes, can be useful even if the efficiency is not so high. For batteries that have the same efficiency, graphene batteries are the perfect choice, they began to gain momentum in the commercial market. It is expected that the global market for graphene batteries by 2022 will reach $ 115 million, an increase on the average by 38.4% during the forecast period with a market income of about 38% ". Swedish researchers from Chalmers and the graphene are mixed sulfur new lithium-sulfur batteries with theoretical energy density which is about five times higher than lithium-ion. New idea researchers - porous spongy aerogel, made from reconstituted graphene oxide that acts as a stand-alone electrode in the battery and allows better and more efficient use of sulphur. The amazing properties of graphene Graphene is the thinnest material known to man one atom thick, and also incredibly strong - about 200 times stronger than steel. In addition, graphene is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and has an interesting ability of light absorption. In General, graphene is characterized as a material with the highest electron mobility among all known materials. A graphene layer can be represented as a single molecule in which the electrons move without barriers between its borders – thus graphene conductor is capable of conducting electricity with virtually no losses. Graphene – a lightweight, it weighs only 0.77 milligrams per square meter. Since it is a single 2D sheet, it has the highest surface area of all materials. Sheets of graphene are flexible, and in fact, graphene is the most stretchable crystal - you can stretch it up to 20% of its original size without breaking it. Finally, the perfect graphene is also very impenetrable, and even helium atoms cannot pass through it. It is also considered environmentally friendly and sustainable, with unlimited potential for numerous applications. It is really a material that can change the world with unlimited potential for integration in almost any industry. When sheets of graphene are left to themselves, they will be folded to form graphite, which is the most stable three-dimensional form of carbon under normal conditions. A graphene layer can be represented as a single molecule in which the electrons move without barriers between its borders.

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by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 17:30

by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 17:32

evo u nastavku i ....yebo vas struja..vise toksina i otpada nego bencin i dizl zajedno...

Electric car: toxic and energy-intensive. Tale about eco #Technology Nikolai Makarenko 02 Jan 2020, 07:15 16520 18 It is time to replace the internal combustion engine (ice) to electric, as in the time switched from steam to internal combustion engines. However, as they say, there is a negative nuance. Alas, but the use of electric vehicles also leads to environmental pollution. There are many publications about the problems of electric cars, sometimes explicitly lobbying somebody's interests. Come with an open mind will understand the subject matter. The complexity in the construction of refineries - it's not only justifying the costs, which could be compensated by public subsidies, but the fact that at the moment there is no single standard for the design of lithium-ion batteries and schemes of their processing. Electric cars don't burn anything. It would seem, here it the direct route to solving the problem of transport and the environment. But not so simple. Even if an electric car makes no emissions into the environment, about the ECOCAR cannot be discussed. It is important to analyze the full life cycle of the vehicle (manufacture – use – disposal). And not to forget about where does the energy come from and how it is stored. In General, the fabrication of the battery is fraught with difficulties and dangers. In industry, the lithium chloride produced by evaporation of salt lakes, and then process it to produce energy. However, this process requires a large amount of water (about 1.8 million litres per tonne of lithium), in conjunction with the annual increase in the demand for batteries, this consumption in the long term can cause a deficiency of water in dry areas, where usually are these lakes. Also in the process of manufacture of batteries using such materials as cobalt, Nickel and graphite, extraction of which causes contamination of water and soil. In addition, the use of such toxic substances has a significant negative impact on the Central nervous system of workers of factories for the production of lithium-ion batteries, making them work twice as harmful than in the manufacture of other types of batteries. The greatest danger to health is the process of extracting sulphate of cobalt and lithium salts. Thus, we can conclude that the battery manufacturer cost nature as expensive as creating the whole car with internal combustion engine. This is due to environmental costs in the extraction and transportation of raw materials and emission of harmful substances during the production of electricity for the production of batteries. This effect is especially important in countries where the common "dirty" sources of energy that is consumed in the Assembly of hybrid cars. In such cases, the damage production can be comparable to the harm caused petrol car for its entire life. Manufacturing is not the only problem Batteries for electric cars In the destruction of or damage to the lithium-ion batteries stand out fluoride ions, which, in turn, are even more toxic to the human body than lead. Another toxic substance that is evaporated into the atmosphere, is FROM. This gas has a significant detrimental effect on muscular tissue and vessels, reducing its immunological activity, and also changes the protein content of the plasma. Huge aspiration hazard cause biological poisons such as benzene, toluene, styrene and hydrogen fluoride. These substances cause cell mutagenicity, with acute toxicity, lead to the erosion of the skin and Airways. Because of degassing, lithium-ion batteries and thermal leakage produces hazardous gas mixture with explosive and carcinogenic components that have an adverse impact not only on the living organism, but also on the environment in General, causing pathology in the Bud. Moreover, the battery damage are the risk of emission of toxic gases, but also such basic ingredients like lithium and cobalt, are finite substances, and the extraction of energy may cause pollution of water and depletion of other environmental resources. Most of these consequences can be avoided if you send batteries to be recycled, but this process has a large number of difficulties. The production of batteries for electric cars Nissan Leaf According to The Guardian, is now in the EU is recycled about 5% of all lithium-ion batteries. The company Umicore has invested 25 million euros in an industrial plant in Antwerp, to recycle lithium-ion batteries, it also signed a deal with Tesla and Toyota to use a melt to extract such important metals as cobalt and Nickel. Despite the fact that smelting processes can easily recover many metals, they cannot directly restore vital lithium, which is mixed with the by-product. Umicore reports that they can recover lithium from a by-product, but each additional process increases the cost. Thus, although full utilization of battery on average is estimated at only 1 Euro, the cost of recovered materials is only one third of this amount. It becomes obvious by the fact that the use of hybrid vehicles still entails a great danger for health of the living organism and the environment in General. The idea of replacing the standard internal combustion engine has a huge potential for the future, but full disclosure is necessary to introduce common standards at the stage of production, use and disposal of lithium-ion batteries. The manufacturer claims that the batteries of the Nissan Leaf will last 12 years longer than an electric car. A conventional car has an internal combustion engine of large size and multi-stage transmission, which allows it to better transfer energy to the drive axle. Since the motor is no combustion, it is less heated during operation and, consequently, less energy dissipates into the environment. Due to the lack of reciprocating parts, it can spin to much higher rpm. Thus at equal engine size it will be more powerful and more economical. Electric motor in combination mikroprocessornye management systems, good "pull" throughout the rpm range, so it is enough simple and compact single-stage transmission. The average values of the electrical efficiency of the power plant is 88-95%, in contrast to 22-42% in internal combustion engines. Accordingly, the electric powerplant is definitely more economical installations running on gasoline, diesel or gas. And the dynamics of the set speed of the electric vehicle higher than those of competitors. This is also due to the high efficiency, excellent characteristics of the motor and no gearbox. It from the first second applies full power if required. Block motor-transmission for electric cars is so small that it can be directly mounted on the driving axle. He doesn't need to allocate a lot of space under the hood, why with the same total length of the machine the electric car will always come out larger than average. Yes, the battery of the electric vehicle much more gas tank. But the battery was as flat that it will fit into the plane of the bottom of the machine, almost not taking place at the salon and lowering the overall center of gravity, what is important for improving sustainability. The recycling of automotive batteries should include all of the following steps: neutralization of the electrolyte; the dismantling of the plastic body; the extraction of lead plates; crushing the waste; melting the metal secondary raw materials in shaft furnaces. The characteristics of these vehicles is constantly improving, and their price is gradually reduced. And the cost of their refills is considerably lower and does not depend on importing fuel. The laws of most countries sympathetic to the desire of its citizens to own such cars. Such a policy due to lower harm to the environment, lowering the level of background noise, reduce economic dependence on fuel, an increased level of security. The range of electric vehicles is constantly increasing. More efficient consumption of energy: vehicle with internal combustion engine or electric car? The main heat in the debate arises when we think that electric cars, despite the "clean exhaust", energy, which is produced by polluting power plants running on fossil fuels. A good response to this statement in favor of electric cars gives a recent study of the EU. It showed that an electric car using the energy fuel of the power plant consumes only two-thirds the energy of gasoline vehicle passing the same distance In the figures is as follows: 100 km for petrol cars 100 km electric car Require 26 MJ to get the fuel out of the ground and deliver it to the car. Itself fuel the car uses a 142 MJ to overcome the specified distance. Require 74 MJ for production and transport of electricity to the car. Himself electric car requires 38 MJ for his movement. Globally, electric cars burn much less fossil fuel, although in General continue to consume. Then again you can make a reservation that greenhouse gas emissions remains, but with the proliferation of electric cars are declining in places of their mass use, leaving a "carbon footprint" only in the locations of fuel production and energy generation, i.e. outside of cities. To boast the same, cars with internal combustion engines can not be as long been proven that within the Metropolitan areas they are the main culprits of air pollution and the formation of the greenhouse effect. And what's inside? The battery pack of the Tesla in the analysis. P. S. (to be continued) instead of an epilogue In General electric cars some distance us from global warming and the flood, but their production technologies are still far from perfect. It is hoped that by 2040, when at least 35% of new cars will be able to connect to the outlet, inside they are completely different means of energy conservation. Not only cheap and effective, but also environmentally friendly.

Источник контента: https://naukatehnika.com/elektromobil-toksichno-i-energoemko.html?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fzen.yandex.com
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by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 17:39

rvati su izumili perpetuum mobile.

by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 17:42

Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše...ide samo od sebea.. lol!

by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 17:59

Legendovich wrote:Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše...ide samo od sebea..

pa da, vidiš čak ima i tri brzine: četrsprva, četrspeta i devesprva.

by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 20:36

Gnječ wrote:
Legendovich wrote:Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše...ide samo od sebea..

pa da, vidiš čak ima i tri brzine: četrsprva, četrspeta i devesprva.

i jopet ponovo..kraja nikad nema a samo idee.. :rasta

by Sora Sat 25 Jan - 21:39

Gnječ wrote:rvati su izumili perpetuum mobile.

Genijalna izjava

Ustasko- partizanski perpetum mobile
:clown

by Sora Sat 25 Jan - 21:40

Gnječ wrote:
Legendovich wrote:Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše-Partizani-Usraše...ide samo od sebea..

pa da, vidiš čak ima i tri brzine: četrsprva, četrspeta i devesprva.

H ha ha ha
Bogami da

A koće uzbrdo lol!

by Eroo Sat 25 Jan - 21:41

Gnječ wrote:ZDS!

Znao sam.
ZDS!

by Guest Sat 25 Jan - 21:45

Eroo wrote:
Gnječ wrote:ZDS!
Znao sam.
ZDS!

ako si za dom spreman, pakuj kofere i marš u ercegovinu!

by Eroo Sat 25 Jan - 21:47

Gnječ wrote:
Eroo wrote:
Gnječ wrote:ZDS!
Znao sam.
ZDS!

ako si za dom spreman, pakuj kofere i marš u ercegovinu!

ZDS!

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