The American experiment is dead if this happens
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Kritički zaokret u obrazovanju prati povijesni nastanak i razvoj kritičkih teorija u području obrazovanja, od uvođenja marksističkih i drugih radikalnih društvenih teorija 1960-ih do suvremenog kritičkog krajolika”
Široko govoreći, kritičko obrazovanje nastoji razotkriti kako se odnosi moći i nejednakosti (društvene, kulturne, ekonomske) u svojim bezbrojnim oblicima, kombinacijama i složenostima očituju i dovode u pitanje u formalnom i neformalnom obrazovanju djece i odraslih... Ovo više Čvrsto razumijevanje uključuje temeljne transformacije temeljnih epistemoloških i ideoloških pretpostavki o tome što se smatra 'službenim' ili legitimnim znanjem i tko ga drži.”
Iako kritička marksistička tradicija ostaje temelj za veći dio riječi koja su uslijedile, kritički obrazovni znanstvenici sada se bave nizom intelektualnih i političkih tradicija koje nam pomažu bolje razumjeti kulturu i identitet, spol i seksualnost, rasu i etničku pripadnost, konstrukcije sposobnosti, ekološke krize i njihova bezbrojna raskrižja”
Široko govoreći, kritičko obrazovanje nastoji razotkriti kako se odnosi moći i nejednakosti (društvene, kulturne, ekonomske) u svojim bezbrojnim oblicima, kombinacijama i složenostima očituju i dovode u pitanje u formalnom i neformalnom obrazovanju djece i odraslih... Ovo više Čvrsto razumijevanje uključuje temeljne transformacije temeljnih epistemoloških i ideoloških pretpostavki o tome što se smatra 'službenim' ili legitimnim znanjem i tko ga drži.”
Iako kritička marksistička tradicija ostaje temelj za veći dio riječi koja su uslijedile, kritički obrazovni znanstvenici sada se bave nizom intelektualnih i političkih tradicija koje nam pomažu bolje razumjeti kulturu i identitet, spol i seksualnost, rasu i etničku pripadnost, konstrukcije sposobnosti, ekološke krize i njihova bezbrojna raskrižja”
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Ako ćemo se istinski zalagati za feminističko, antirasističko demokratsko-socijalističko društvo ono koje se može snažno suprotstaviti strukturama i ideologijama koje podržavaju i učvršćuju patrijarhat, bijelu nadmoć i kapitalizam
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It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Critical Pedagogy
“Za Frierea, ipak, samo potlačeni mogu najpotpunije razumjeti svoje ugnjetavanje i stoga moraju biti povijesna snaga vlastitog oslobođenja, dehumanizacija je toliko internalizirana među potlačenima kroz ugnjetavanje da je potlačenima teško prepoznati da dehumanizacija nije povijesna i nepromjenjiva činjenica”
Zaokret ka kulturnom Marksizmu i granicama školovanja… Znanstvenici u obrazovanju su stoga sve više preferirali kulturno marksističku leću koja je promatrala ideološku strukturu i sadržaj školstva nasuprot političkoj ekonomskoj marksističkoj leći koja je teoretizirala kapital i procjenjivala kvantificirane inpute i ishode školskih reproduktivnih. tendencija”
“Za Frierea, ipak, samo potlačeni mogu najpotpunije razumjeti svoje ugnjetavanje i stoga moraju biti povijesna snaga vlastitog oslobođenja, dehumanizacija je toliko internalizirana među potlačenima kroz ugnjetavanje da je potlačenima teško prepoznati da dehumanizacija nije povijesna i nepromjenjiva činjenica”
Zaokret ka kulturnom Marksizmu i granicama školovanja… Znanstvenici u obrazovanju su stoga sve više preferirali kulturno marksističku leću koja je promatrala ideološku strukturu i sadržaj školstva nasuprot političkoj ekonomskoj marksističkoj leći koja je teoretizirala kapital i procjenjivala kvantificirane inpute i ishode školskih reproduktivnih. tendencija”
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It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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"Michael Apple zagovarao je 'kritičku svijest' i pomak prema 'kritičkom učenju':... Kritičko skolovanje stoga ispituje dominantne i otuđujuće prakse u školstvu s eksplicitnom namjerom promjene takve prakse"
“Za Freirea uvjeti dominacije nisu samo drugačiji u naprednim industrijskim zemljama Zapada, nego su i puno manje očiti, au nekim slučajevima, moglo bi se reći i sveobuhvatniji i moćniji... Ne samo da sadržaj i priroda dominacije treba biti dokumentirana u ovom slučaju, nego i sama činjenica dominacije mora biti dokazana većini Amerikanaca' [Henry Giroux komentira Freirea]”
“I drugo, [Giroux tumači Gramscija kako kaže da] 'hegemonija se odnosi na uspješan pokušaj dominantne klase da iskoristi svoju kontrolu nad resursima države i civilnog društva, posebno korištenjem masovnih medija i obrazovnog sustava, kako bi uspostaviti svoj pogled na svijet kao sveobuhvatan i univerzalan'
“Za Freirea uvjeti dominacije nisu samo drugačiji u naprednim industrijskim zemljama Zapada, nego su i puno manje očiti, au nekim slučajevima, moglo bi se reći i sveobuhvatniji i moćniji... Ne samo da sadržaj i priroda dominacije treba biti dokumentirana u ovom slučaju, nego i sama činjenica dominacije mora biti dokazana većini Amerikanaca' [Henry Giroux komentira Freirea]”
“I drugo, [Giroux tumači Gramscija kako kaže da] 'hegemonija se odnosi na uspješan pokušaj dominantne klase da iskoristi svoju kontrolu nad resursima države i civilnog društva, posebno korištenjem masovnih medija i obrazovnog sustava, kako bi uspostaviti svoj pogled na svijet kao sveobuhvatan i univerzalan'
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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“Sredinom 1980-ih, feminističke znanstvenice proizvele su široku literaturu ideja koje su radikalno preoblikovale obrazovanje kroz humanističke i društvene znanosti. Primjetno, u ovom trenutku, bez obzira na polje ili disciplinu istraživanja, ili uključenosti intelektualne i političke tradicije, zbog tradicionalno sličnog fokusa unutar većine feminističkih teorija znanja se nalazi – npr. da znanje proizlazi iz posebnih života i iskustava žena – nije iznenađujuće da su mnoge feminističke znanstvenice pronašle intelektualnog saveznika, ako ne i epistemički dom, u post-modernizmu i post-strukturalizmu koje su razvili francuski mislioci… Kritika pogleda 'Božjeg oka ' je bio središnji dio većine feminističkih misli nakon 1960-ih.”
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It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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U Sjedinjenim Državama nazivi 'postmodernizam' i 'poststrukturalizam' su se iskoristili kao sredstvo za opći poziv ovih teoretičara da se razbiju veliki narativi, usredotoči se na lokalno i posebno, osvijetli kontingenciju, dekonstruiraja diskurs i ispita identitet. Konkretno, mnoge feminističke znanstvenice identificirale su u postmodernizmu i poststrukturalizmu koncepte i jezik kroz koje bi osporile ideju univerzalnog racionalnog subjekta znanja koji postoji izvan društvenog i političkog konteksta, izvan diskurzivnih režima moći i bez rodnog, rasnog i klasificiranog identiteta. Stoga objektivnost i kritika humanističkih znanosti i tradicionalnih istraživačkih metoda bila je središnja točka.”
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Pored različitih epistemičkih stajališta, pomak prema epistemologiji feminističkog stajališta koji je davao epistemičku privilegiju onima s nedominantnih pozicija, napravili su znanstvenici koji su se identificirali s nizom političkih tradicija. Zapravo, samo feminističko teorijsko stajalište pojavilo se u radu znanstvenika kao što su [Smith, Harstock, Harding i Collins] kao pokret unutar kritičke marksističke tradicije, a ne unutar postmoderne misli – umjesto da proletarijat bude na jedinstvenoj poziciji da vodi revolucije zbog uvida koji proizlazi iz njihovog potlačenog statusa vis-a-vis kapitalističke kontrole nad sredstvima za proizvodnju, feminističko stajalište pomaknulo je liniju razmišljanja na ideju da žene imaju društvenu poziciju koja nudi jedinstven uvid u dominantne strukture i ideologije kojima vlada patrijarhat.
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It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Elizabeth Ellsworth je napisala: 'Ne mogu neproblematično iznijeti na vidjelo znanje onih koji su potčinjeni kada ni sama nisam oslobođena vlastitog naučenog rasizma, tlacenja pretilih, klasizma, sposobnog ili seksizma. Nijedan učitelj nije oslobođen ovih naučenih i internaliziranih ugnjetavanja”
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Sredinom 20-og. stoljeća svjedočimo onome što se može opisati kao postupni odmak od empirijskih znanstvenih/društveno-znanstvenih spoznaja koje počivaju na čvrstim temeljima (fundacionalizam), ka razmišljanju o cjelokupnom znanju kao privremenom i pogrešivom (nefundacionalizam). U prvom slučaju (pozitivizam), znanje se promatra kao stvoreno bez teorijske leće (to je strogo ono što se može promatrati i mjeriti), stvoreno u uvjetima čistim od svakog utjecaj vrijednosnog i društvenog konteksta, a ima za cilj otkriti što bi se moglo okarakterizirati kao veliko I “Istina” koja nam omogućuje da predvidimo/spoznajemo (uočljivi) prirodni/društveni svijet. U drugoj instanci (postpozitivizam), stvaranje znanja se smatra kao društvena praksa (ona koja se odvija unutar zajednice znanstvenika/društva znanstvenika), svjesno je opterećena teorijom, postavlja i ukljucuje pitanja o stupnju u kojem vrijednosni i društveni konteksti utjecu i koji bi možda trebali utjecati na istragu, a ima za cilj jamciti tvrdnje istine s malim slovom "i"
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It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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"The Space trader" narativ postao je jedan od klasičnih eseja u teoriji kritičke rase, koji se obično naziva akronimom CRT, pokreta unutar pravnih studija koji se postupno pojavio 1980-ih nakon neuspjelog osvajanja građanskih prava kako bi se rasvijetlila endemska priroda rasizma u pravnom sustavu Sjedinjenih Država i američkom društvu šire. Sredinom 1990-ih, znanstvenici u području obrazovanja počeli su se oslanjati na CRT kao okvir za razumijevanje rasizma i nejednakosti unutar obrazovnih sustava. Ovo je bio značajan trenutak na terenu. Kao što je bio slučaj s pojavom marksističke misli i postmodernističke i poststrukturalističke feminističke teorije, pojava CRT-a radikalno je transformirala obrazovno istraživanje i diskurs. Po prvi put, rasa je postala središnji fokus znanosti, posebno među znanstvenicima na političkoj ljevici.”
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Slijedeći (CRT) kritičku teoriju rase, Ladson-Billings i Tate tvrdili su da je 'rasizam endemičan i duboko ukorijenjen u američkom životu', što rasvjetljava zašto nejednaka školska iskustva i dalje postoje; tvrdili su da je zakon o građanskim pravima neučinkovit, zbog čega - "Brown v. Board" nije riješio nejednakosti u školovanju; i tvrdili su da je ključno 'osporiti tvrdnje o neutralnosti, objektivnosti, sljepoći za boje i meritokraciji' 'navodjenjem vlastite stvarnosti', procesa koji se događa kroz pričanje nečije priče, koja 'služi kao interpretativna struktura pomoću koje mi namecemo red iskustvu i ono nama'
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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“U svom prvom članku koji je koristio CRT, 1997., Solorozano je svoj rad uokvirio s pet tema koje je smatrao središnjim za CRT. Prva tema bila je 'centralnost i intersekcionalnost rase i rasizma'. Ova tema je imala više komponenti, a najvažnija ideja je da su "rasa i rasizam endemski". Za Solorzana to je značilo da rasa mora biti središnji fokus analize, a to je također značilo isticanje ideje da se rasa i rasizam spajaju s drugim oblicima 'podređenosti' kao što su rod i klasa, - ideja o intersekcionalnosti koju je formulirala Crenshaw. Druga tema bila je 'izazov dominantnoj ideologiji', što je značilo da CRT 'osporava tradicionalne zahtjeve pravnog sustava na objektivnost, meritokraciju, daltonizam, rasnu neutralnost i jednake mogućnosti' (str. 6). Treća tema bila je 'predanost socijalnoj pravdi', koja je uključivala eliminaciju rasizma. Četvrta tema bila je 'centralna važnost iskustvenog znanja', koja 'prepoznaje da je iskustveno znanje crnih žena i muškaraca legitimno, prikladno i kritično za razumijevanje, analizu, prakticiranje i podučavanje zakona i njegovog odnosa prema rasnoj podređenosti' (str. 7). Peta i posljednja tema bila je 'interdisciplinarna perpsekcija', što je značilo da se rasa mora razumjeti u povijesnom kontekstu i 'koristeći interdisciplinarne metode'
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Solorzano je stvorio raznolikije 'obiteljsko stablo' za CRT. Uz kritičke pravne studije, pravne zajednice iz koje su znanstvenici CRT-a u početku izašli i od koje su se odvojili, Solorzano i Yosso su tvrdili da su etničke studije i ženske studije, kulturni nacionalizam, marikstičke/neomarksističke škole mišljenja utjecale su i utječu na CRT, osobito u obrazovanju (str. 473-474).
Za Solorzana i Yossa, identificiranje obiteljskog stabla koje se proteže izvan pravne znanosti omogućilo im je da crpe iz ovih raznolikih intelektualnih tradicija, zadržavajući CRT identitet
Za Solorzana i Yossa, identificiranje obiteljskog stabla koje se proteže izvan pravne znanosti omogućilo im je da crpe iz ovih raznolikih intelektualnih tradicija, zadržavajući CRT identitet
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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"Teaching for diversity and social justice"
According to the book’s back cover, Adams, Bell, and Griffins’ Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice has been “the definitive source-book of theoretical foundations and curricular frameworks for social justice teaching practice” for nearly a decade. In other words this text is not merely teaching social justice, it is teaching teachers how to teach social justice to an entire generation of students. The authors draw heavily and explicitly on Gramsci, Freire, Foucault, Delgado, and a host of other critical social theorists to elucidate their basic understanding of social justice.
“The manifestations of social oppression in the United States that are focused on in this book are (a) ableism, (b) ageism/adultism, (c) antisemitism, (d) classism, (e) heterosexism, (f) racism, (g) religion oppression, (h) sexism, and (i) transgender oppression.”
Crucially, the authors do not see a qualitative difference between various forms of oppression, whether that oppression is racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism, ableism, or adultism. The book’s sections on racism, sexism and heterosexism, religious oppression, classism, ableism, and ageism/adultism are merely different applications of the same basic framework. In all cases, a dominant group is valued and privileged at the expense of a subordinate group. And in all cases, social justice can be achieved only by dismantling systems and ideologies which perpetuate this oppression.
According to the book’s back cover, Adams, Bell, and Griffins’ Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice has been “the definitive source-book of theoretical foundations and curricular frameworks for social justice teaching practice” for nearly a decade. In other words this text is not merely teaching social justice, it is teaching teachers how to teach social justice to an entire generation of students. The authors draw heavily and explicitly on Gramsci, Freire, Foucault, Delgado, and a host of other critical social theorists to elucidate their basic understanding of social justice.
[size=32]Interlocking systems of oppression[/size]
One of the key premises of contemporary critical theory is that society can be divided into oppressor groups and oppressed groups along lines of race, class, gender, sexuality and a host of other factors:“The manifestations of social oppression in the United States that are focused on in this book are (a) ableism, (b) ageism/adultism, (c) antisemitism, (d) classism, (e) heterosexism, (f) racism, (g) religion oppression, (h) sexism, and (i) transgender oppression.”
Crucially, the authors do not see a qualitative difference between various forms of oppression, whether that oppression is racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism, ableism, or adultism. The book’s sections on racism, sexism and heterosexism, religious oppression, classism, ableism, and ageism/adultism are merely different applications of the same basic framework. In all cases, a dominant group is valued and privileged at the expense of a subordinate group. And in all cases, social justice can be achieved only by dismantling systems and ideologies which perpetuate this oppression.
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Moreover, the authors also insist that the interlocking nature of these oppressions requires us to struggle against all of them; we cannot separate racism from heterosexism or sexism from transgender oppression:
“oppression is manifested through racism, white privilege, and immigrant status; sexism, heterosexism, and transgender experiences; religious oppression and antisemitism; and classism, ableism, and ageism/adultism…eradicating oppression ultimately requires struggle against all its forms.”
“Gramsci put forth the idea of hegemony to explain the way in which power is maintained not only through coercion but also through the voluntary consent of those who are subjugated by it… Through hegemony, a dominant group can so successfully project its particular way of seeing social reality that its view is accepted as common sense, part of the natural order, even by those who are disempowered by it.
“oppression is manifested through racism, white privilege, and immigrant status; sexism, heterosexism, and transgender experiences; religious oppression and antisemitism; and classism, ableism, and ageism/adultism…eradicating oppression ultimately requires struggle against all its forms.”
[size=32]Oppression through ideas[/size]
Contemporary critical theorists define oppression not merely in terms of violence or coercion but in terms of hegemony, the control of the ideology of a society:“Gramsci put forth the idea of hegemony to explain the way in which power is maintained not only through coercion but also through the voluntary consent of those who are subjugated by it… Through hegemony, a dominant group can so successfully project its particular way of seeing social reality that its view is accepted as common sense, part of the natural order, even by those who are disempowered by it.
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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We use the term oppression… to emphasize the pervasive nature of social inequality woven throughout social institutions as well as embedded within individual consciousness...Oppression signifies a hierarchical relationship in which dominant or privileged groups reap advantage, often in unconscious ways, from the disempowerment of targeted groups”
The authors recognize that this understanding view of “oppression” is non-traditional, yet it informs their entire project:
“We do not use traditional or popular meanings of oppression (such as a ruler’s tyrannical rule or a nation’s conquest and colonial domination of other peoples)… Oppression is ‘structural’ and ‘systemic,’ and usually operates under the radar because it is part of an unequal society’s ‘unquestioned norms, habits, and symbols’; its ‘normal processes of everyday life’; and its ‘assumptions underlying institutional rules and the collective consequences of following those rules'”
The authors recognize that this understanding view of “oppression” is non-traditional, yet it informs their entire project:
“We do not use traditional or popular meanings of oppression (such as a ruler’s tyrannical rule or a nation’s conquest and colonial domination of other peoples)… Oppression is ‘structural’ and ‘systemic,’ and usually operates under the radar because it is part of an unequal society’s ‘unquestioned norms, habits, and symbols’; its ‘normal processes of everyday life’; and its ‘assumptions underlying institutional rules and the collective consequences of following those rules'”
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
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Once we understand this redefinition of “oppression,” we can see why the social justice framework cannot be confined to a single issue. Norms, values, and expectations pervade society and speak not just to race, but to gender, sexuality, class, health, beauty, and many other issues: “In an oppressive society, the cultural perspective of dominant groups is imposed on institutions by individuals and on individuals by institutions. These cultural norms include philosophies of life, definitions of good and evil, beauty, normal, health, deviance, sickness, and perspectives on time, just to name a few. Cultural norms often serve the primary function of providing individuals and institutions with the justification for social oppression.”
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
prckov- Posts : 34555
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zasto se poziva na zabranu cestitanja Bozica u EU:
“The term Christian hegemony may startle readers who are not aware of the pervasive cultural position of normative Christianity in everyday life within U.S. schools, neighborhoods, and the workplace. Hegemony is another way of describing the cultural and societal level of oppression of ‘cultural imperialism’ as a form of oppression… Hegemony refers to a society’s unacknowledged adherence to a dominant worldview. In this case, we refer to a religious worldview that publicly names Christian observances, holy days, and sacred spaces at the expense of those who are not Christian and within a cultural that normalizes Christian values as intrinsic to an explicitly American public and political way of life. Christian norms are termed hegemonic in that they depend only on ‘business as usual.'
[size=32]Social justice as worldview[/size]
Perhaps nowhere is this deep conflict between Christianity and the social justice movement’s understanding of oppression more evidence than the authors treatment of “religious oppression.” Keep in mind that Christians and Protestants were both named as oppressor groups earlier in the book. In Chapter 11, they elaborate further:“The term Christian hegemony may startle readers who are not aware of the pervasive cultural position of normative Christianity in everyday life within U.S. schools, neighborhoods, and the workplace. Hegemony is another way of describing the cultural and societal level of oppression of ‘cultural imperialism’ as a form of oppression… Hegemony refers to a society’s unacknowledged adherence to a dominant worldview. In this case, we refer to a religious worldview that publicly names Christian observances, holy days, and sacred spaces at the expense of those who are not Christian and within a cultural that normalizes Christian values as intrinsic to an explicitly American public and political way of life. Christian norms are termed hegemonic in that they depend only on ‘business as usual.'
prckov- Posts : 34555
2014-04-19
Re: The American experiment is dead if this happens
Similarly, the authors compare “Christian privilege” to “white privilege,” talk about how the acceptance of Christianity as the norm marginalizes other religions
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It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
prckov- Posts : 34555
2014-04-19
Re: The American experiment is dead if this happens
Christian privilege is a phenomenon maintains through the cultural power of normative religious practices that, by affirming the norm, exclude and disqualify what is outside the norm… Discussing the parallel concept of white privilege, McIntosh writes that privilege is ‘an invisible knapsack of unearned assets'”
_________________
It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigotet adherents of the party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unortodoxy.
Orwell 1984
prckov- Posts : 34555
2014-04-19
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