The Battle for Mars

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http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/til/161125-sciex-til-mars-ocean-brendan-mullan?source=relatedvideo

Russia develops nuclear-powered lunar rover
14.12.2016
 


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"In 2016, we continued the work on the development of mobile rovers for the scientific research of the Moon," the report from the Institute of Space Research said.
The "heavy" rover weighing 550-750 kilos is designed to study polar regions of the Moon. In addition to solar batteries, a nuclear power source is expected to be installed on the rover to enable the machine operate for up to 400 kilometers, including in the shade. Such power sources are usually installed on the spacecraft that fly away from the sun, such as Voyager spacecraft, for instance, to be able to operate without sunlight.
The nuclear-powered lunar rover is to carry up to 70 kilos of scientific equipment, including special drills to extract soil samples from the depth of 1.5 meters. The rover will also be equipped with 16 small stations to study the regolith and seismic activity of the Moon. The rover will be installing such stations on the surface of the Moon.


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As for the weight, the machine will be similar to the world's first Lunokhod-1 of Soviet production. "Over the past 50 years since the creation of Lunokhod-1, the significant technological breakthrough will make the scientific complex of the rover a lot more powerful, while the weight of the machine will remain the same," officials said.
The second project stipulates for the construction of a medium-sized lunar rover weighing 200-250 kilos. The rover will be able to travel for 400 kilometers as well, although at the expense of solar panels only. The medium-sized rover is expected to be delivered on the Earth's satellite on board Russia's Luna-Resurs-1 landing station. The station is to be launched into space in 2021.

The third option is the "small" rover weighing 20-30 kg. The machine is designed to conduct scientific research at a distance of 500 meters from landing sites of large spacecraft, such as Luna Resource and Luna-Globe (Luna-25 is expected to land on the Moon in 2019). The small rover will be able to search for areas with a high water content, take soil samples and deliver them to the lander.
Noteworthy, the USSR had launched two Soviet rovers to the Moon: in November 1970 and in January 1973. The first one of them traveled 10.5 kilometers on the Moon and took 20,000 photos in ten months. The second rover was working for four months and covered the distance of about 40 kilometers.
Pravda.Ru[/size]
- See more at: http://www.pravdareport.com/science/tech/14-12-2016/136416-moon_rover-0/#sthash.FleQymXt.dpuf

[size=42]NASA Considers Magnetic Shield to Help Mars Grow Its Atmosphere

NASA Planetary Science Division Director, Jim Green, says launching a magnetic shield could help warm Mars and possibly allow it to become habitable.

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ESO/M. Kornmesser
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By Jay Bennett
Mar 1, 2017 
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The Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop is happening right now at NASA headquarters in Washington DC. The workshop is meant to discuss ambitious space projects that could be realized, or at least started, by 2050.
One of the most enticing ideas came this morning from Jim Green, NASA's Planetary Science Division Director. In a talk titled, "A Future Mars Environment for Science and Exploration," Green discussed launching a "magnetic shield" to a stable orbit between Mars and the sun, called Mars L1, to shield the planet from high-energy solar particles. The shield structure would consist of a large dipole—a closed electric circuit powerful enough to generate an artificial magnetic field.

Such a shield could leave Mars in the relatively protected magnetotail of the magnetic field created by the object, allowing the Red Planet to slowly restore its atmosphere. About 90 percent of Mars's atmosphere was stripped away by solar particles in the lifetime of the planet, which was likely temperate and had surface water about 3.5 billion years ago.
According to simulation models, such a shield could help Mars achieve half the atmospheric pressure of Earth in a matter of years. With protection from solar winds, frozen CO2 at Mars's polar ice caps would start to sublimate, or turn directly into gas from a solid. The greenhouse effect would start to fill Mars's thin atmosphere and heat the planet, mainly at the equator, at which point the vast stores of ice under the poles would melt and flood the world with liquid water.
"Perhaps one-seventh of the ancient ocean could return to Mars," said Green.
This is some truly futuristic stuff, reminiscent of Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars trilogy. But it is theoretically possible, and it just might, maybe, be a step toward terraforming Mars for human inhabitation in the next century.
You can watch the talk here (it starts at 1:36:00).
http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a25493/magnetic-shield-mars-atmosphere/?src=socialflowFB

[size=39]NASA Has Plans to Give Mars a “Magnetic Shield” to Enable Human Colonization
 Ittiz/Wikimedia Commons[/size]

[size=12]IN BRIEF
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• Since Mars lacks a protective atmosphere, it isn't habitable to humans. But in the interest of terraforming the Red Planet, scientists are looking at magnets.
  
• Using a magnetic shield, scientists theorize they could recreate Mars' atmosphere and make conditions more hospitable for human life.
  

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BUILDING MARS

At the forefront of modern space exploration looms the possibility of manned missions to Mars. From the ambitious schemes of Elon Musk, to NASA’s hopeful plan, to the collaborative endeavor of the ESA and Russia, it seems as though every major space agency is making strides towards putting humans on Mars. But, on a cold and desolate planet whose minuscule atmosphere is severely lacking, how do you sustain human life for long periods of time?
CLICK HERE FOR FULL INFOGRAPHIC
Many scientists and science fiction enthusiasts have, over the years, speculated at the possibility of terraforming Mars. Finding innovative ways to make the surface of the red planet gradually more conducive to human living. There have been many ideas and models created in the hopes of successful terraforming. Engineers designed a shell that could be placed around a small planet which could protect the planet from radiation and help to facilitate an atmosphere over time. Others thought that by breaking apart the martian crust they could release enough CO2 to build up an atmosphere. There have been many attempts, but the issues of cosmic and solar radiation paired with the unsurvivable atmosphere and dry terrain are always too much.
And, while the concept of terraforming Mars isn’t completely impossible, to successfully do it you would need to protect against cosmic radiation, solar radiation and solar winds, increase planet temperature, add oxygen and nitrogen to the atmosphere, and do all of this in a way that could be self-sustaining. Not impossible, but currently posing serious obstacles.

MAGNETIC MARS

Despite all of these hurdles, scientists have not stopped trying to find inventive ways to terraform Mars. NASA recently proposed a unique strategy that shows a promising solution that could address some of these issues: a magnetic shield. Since the current scientific consensus is that Mars’ atmosphere was lost because of solar winds and the disappearance of the planet’s magnetic field, this solution shows promise. Mars’ magnetic field once protected the red planet while supporting an atmosphere (and moisture), and NASA scientists think it can be artificially restored.
According to Dr. Jim Green, Director of NASA’s Planetary Science Division, “In the future it is quite possible that an inflatable structure(s) can generate a magnetic dipole field at a level of perhaps 1 or 2 Tesla (or 10,000 to 20,000 Gauss) as an active shield against the solar wind.”
The research team working on this idea recently conducted a simulation with their artificial magnetosphere. They found that their dipole shield would be able to protect against solar wind and help to balance the Martian atmosphere. Because the shield would work as an artificial magnetic field, the atmosphere would actually continue to thicken over time.
This could be just another stepping stone in a long line of terraforming concepts, but this solution holds concrete possibility. Because it could help to actually create a better atmosphere over time and can actually be simulated within a lab, it is possible that the future of terraforming will begin with magnets.[/size]
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[size=40]Blue Origin releases details of its monster orbital rocket[/size]

The privately developed rocket will also be capable of 100 reuses, Jeff Bezos says.

ERIC BERGER - 3/7/2017, 10:00 AM

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  Here's a gallery of still images from a launch video of Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket.
  
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  Blue Origin will assemble the New Glenn rocket at a large facility the company is building at Kennedy Space Center.
  
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  Here, New Glenn is being lifted.
  
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  Aerodynamic strakes are shown wiggling.
  
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  New Glenn will take flight from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Launch Complex 36.
  
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  Smoke! Fire!
  
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  And here's a view of the large Blue Origin assembly facility at the Cape. Oh, and a launch.
  
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  Stage separation!
  
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  The first stage falls back to Earth.
  
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  A single engine burns to slow its descent.
  
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  It's another company with another barge.
  
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  There are six landing legs. The vehicle can tolerate the failure of one and still land.
  
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After months of speculation, Blue Origin finally released more details about its New Glenn rocket on Tuesday. The 82-meter-tall rocket will have the capacity to lift 45 tons to low Earth orbit and an impressive 13 tons to geostationary transfer orbit. The two-stage rocket should be ready for its maiden flight by the end of 2019, company founder Jeff Bezos said.
New Glenn, named for the first US astronaut to orbit Earth, John Glenn, will also have a fully reusable first stage. In addition to remarks by Bezos at the Satellite 2017 conference in Washington, Blue Origin released a video showing the rocket's return to Earth. It will employ aerodynamic strakes for maneuvering during the return and will land on a barge. It is designed for up to 100 reuses. The rocket's return looks similar to that of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, but New Glenn is a larger and considerably more powerful booster.

[size=13]FURTHER READING

Why Bezos’ rocket is unprecedented—and worth taking seriously

Were it flying today, New Glenn would in fact be the most powerful rocket on Earth. However, other large boosters are also under development that will likely fly first. SpaceX is building the Falcon Heavy, which will have the capacity to deliver 53 tons to low Earth orbit, and NASA is developing the Space Launch System with a 70-ton capacity.
Today's announcement, therefore, marks the beginning of a golden era of heavy-lift booster development. During the next few years, these three rockets will be competing on performance, price, and reliability. In addition to large satellite launches, they will also potentially enable NASA's deep-space exploration plans—including lunar exploration—and potentially missions to Mars. Both Blue Origin and SpaceX anticipate much lower operating costs than the government rocket, and both will be pursuing reusability. But as ever in the rocket business, it's one thing to show a video rendering a future launch. It's another thing to reach the launch pad, fly, and reuse.
During his talk on Tuesday, Bezos expressed confidence in the prospects for New Glenn, saying the company has learned important lessons from the development of its New Shepard rocket and spacecraft, which has already demonstrated low-cost reusability and could begin suborbital tourism flights as early as next year. "This is what is making it possible for us to build an orbital vehicle," he said. "The orbital vehicle is 100 percent informed by all of the lessons that we learned in the course of the New Shepard program, so it's very directly relevant."

Enlarge / The two- and three-stage variants of New Glenn will be larger than any rocket in existence.

Blue Origin

Some critics have dinged Blue Origin for its initial focus on space tourism, saying the company isn't really serious about space exploration. But such criticism is misguided, Bezos said, noting that in the past, entertainment has been a driver for important innovation. "There are historical cases where entertainment turns out to be a driver of technologies that then become very practical and utilitarian for other things," he said, citing the early use of aviation for barnstorming, and GPUs originally developed for PC gaming now employed in machine learning.

FURTHER READING

Behind the curtain: Ars goes inside Blue Origin’s secretive rocket factory

Whatever one thinks of New Shepard and its brief suborbital hops, however, there can be little question that New Glenn is a serious rocket. The booster already has a customer, too—Eutelsat has contracted with Blue Origin for a geostationary satellite launch. Moreover, New Glenn is also, as Bezos repeated Tuesday, "the smallest orbital rocket Blue Origin will ever build." In the future, even larger boosters are coming, such as the previously teased New Armstrong rocket. The tech mogul has recently said that lunar exploration is the next logical step for human activity in space.[/size]

jack_reacher wrote:kaj postoje čak 2 slična pdf,znanost i na rubu znanosti,nisam to znal,baš napredan forum,go go,samo naprijed medo,znam da navijaš za ruse,i pozdravi mi rozu spameru!

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